When you buy through tie-in on our web site , we may earn an affiliate commission . Here ’s how it ferment .
Most brine fish may have evolved from a fresh water ascendent , consort to a new subject area that traces the family tree of both leatherneck and fresh water Pisces the Fishes .
The determination may seem topsy - turvy given thatlife originate in the sea , but the results could help explicate why the ocean is relatively low in diversity compared with the land . The ocean takes up 70 per centum of the Earth ’s surface , but check only 15 per centum to 25 percent of the Earth ’s entire forecast species .
The sea is full of wild and wonderful creatures, but it doesn’t hold a candle to the biodiversity on land.
" It ’s a striking pattern that we have n’t really explicate yet , " said study researcher John Wiens , a prof of ecology and phylogenesis at Stony Brook University in New York .
The newfangled consequence may provide a clue , Wiens narrate LiveScience . Freshwater fish could have diversified from brine ancestor , only to see those ancestors wiped out in ocean extinctions . Such extinctions would free up infinite for somefreshwater fish to acquire , once again , to flourish in the ocean .
Diversity mystery
To investigate the relative dearth of Pisces in the sea , Wiens and his fellow turn to the magnanimous group of marine vertebrates on Earth , theray - fin fishes . This group contains 96 percent of fish coinage , meaning they ’re " pretty much every Pisces you ’ve ever feed or keep in a fish cooler or insure in a coral Witwatersrand , with the exception of shark and rays , " Wiens severalise LiveScience . [ Gallery : glow Aquatic Life ]
meditate ray - fin fish was a " secure position to set forth , " Wiens say , not only because the group is so bombastic but because it allowed for direct comparison between land and ocean . Fish are n’t land animals , of course , but they do live in a distinct non - marine environment : freshwater .
" reckon at a group in which all these species are aquatic … helps us to insulate what ’s especial specifically about the sea , " Wiens said .
He and his co - authors pulled information on all living Pisces the Fishes metal money from a comprehensive database ring FishBase . Next , they conflate that data with a crime syndicate tree diagram of re - fin fish that show relationships between groups and clade ( grouping of organisms comprise of an single species and all its descendents ) . The researchers also put together a tree for knownfossil fishes .
Fish family tree diagram
A first glimpse at the data confirmed that there is indeed more multifariousness in freshwater than saltwater , especially given the comparative volume of fresh water to saltwater on Earth . Of all living ray - finned Pisces the Fishes , the researchers found 15,149 species live in fresh water and 14,736 live in saltwater . ( A small nonage of irradiation - fin Pisces , about 4 percent , can know inboth fresh and seawater . To prevent double - counting these species , the researchers classified them as fresh water . )
The Pisces family tree also revealed that fish diversity only explode in the last 100 million years or so . But the strangest determination was what sit at the base of the tree .
" The really weird thing that we found that is most surprising , and may terminate up being the most controversial , is that all the marine ray - fin Pisces that we see today appear to be derived from a freshwater root , " Wiens said .
This ancestor would have lived about 300 million geezerhood ago , Wiens and his co-worker report today ( Feb. 7 ) in the daybook Proceedings of the Royal Society B. About 180 million years ago , the first unambiguously marine fish in the lineage bulge demonstrate up . It ’s not until about 110 million years ago that a chemical group of Pisces the Fishes called percomorpha , which now includes 40 percent of all species of bony fish , started diversifying in saltwater . In fresh water , another chemical group called ostariophysi evolved into many species , which now comprise almost 70 percent of freshwater fish .
" That ’s the big driver of fish variety that we see today , " Wiens articulate of these two group . [ Image Gallery : outre Pisces ]
Other Pisces in the sea
The implication of the findings is that the sea today represents the farsighted - term effect of earlier extinctions , aver David Reznick , a life scientist at the University of California , Riverside , who was not involved in the study .
" The unexpectedly small telephone number of nautical species may reverberate past mass extinctions that were more severe in marine than freshwater surround , " Reznick told LiveScience , adding that he was read the theme as a " spectator , rather than as a practician " of the case of research Wiens dribble out .
The phenomenon of organisms evolve " back " to the ocean is not unheard of . Whales , for example , evolved from a terrestrial ancestor that resumed an aquatic life and adapted over many generations to deep - ocean living .
Wiens say that the geographics of the ocean could also contribute to low-spirited biodiversity . In freshwater , fish can get isolated by continents rifting apart , rivers changing course of instruction or othergeographical roadblock . Once sequester , single populations may lose the power to breed with one another , cleave into freestanding species .
In the sea , Wiens said , Pisces can " wander anywhere , " to pair , or at least farther abroad than a freshwater fish can usually drown .
Wiens and his colleague trust to extend the research to find out why percomorpha and ostariophysi suddenly start diversifying like insane 100 million years ago after a foresightful history of clean low Pisces the Fishes variety . Wiens warn that future fish fossil evidence could alter the Pisces fellowship tree diagram , and the conclusion about the fresh water fish ancestry could be overturned , though the current grounds plump for the Pisces - from - fresh water theory .
But if the humbled diverseness we see in the seas today is the upshot of ancient sea extinction , it commit today ’s problems withoverfishingand species personnel casualty into context , Wiens tell . The ocean can surely reverberate back , he said , but humans may not live to see that day .
" If we wipe out and eat all the fish in the sea and modify the environment in the ocean so that it ’s inhospitable , what these analyses that we ’ve done show is it may be 100 million year to recover from that , " Wiens say . " And that ’s afastrecovery . "
Correction : This article was updated at 10:15 pm ET to correct two representative of misspelling Wiens ' name .
